THE GRAND DEBATE & THE TRUTH BEHIND IT

Saturday, January 24, 2026

THE GRAND DEBATE

&

THE TRUTH BEHIND IT

With the shocking paint of LAST PRAYER

References: & source of information:

Google WIKIPEDIGOD IS COMPASSIONATE BEYOND COMPREHENSION

GamilSinkiLLC

Introduction

With crossing the threshold of the 2026, we pray God with His rerouting power to accomplish and create a planet of a new population of souls who are not comprised by the darkness, but rather by fraternity spirit and brotherhood.

The World is a collective illusion that is held in place by our unified faith in its existence. So, what we all see in common and understand in a similar fashion has a very powerful effect on the state of the World.

Yes…the time of Myths and legends is soon to be upon us again. When I was young even before my teens, before tv invention, and just right at the time of the transistor radio invention, I was fascinated by the Greek and Roman Myths. With my radio, in the end of the 50th and the beginning of the 60th, I loved to hear a song by ONE OF THE GREAT EGYPTIAN MUSICIANS, ‘FARID AL ATRACHE’ called ‘THE MAGIC CARPET’ with the

lyrics by Biram Al Tunicy, a Tunisian Poet and a dio singers, ÉSMAT ABDEL HALIM & FARID. IN A FILM PRODUCED IN 1949, under the Title ‘THE LAST LIE’. A song of The Imagination to distant places in Times, which… if you know about it, are all still around. We are coming into similar times. A time of creative repression.

Epiphany and Eureka

To see things as they are, is to be a truly sane and rational person. It is also called EPIPHANY, which is defined by “A SUDDEN REALIZATION OR BREAKTHROUGH, A MOMENT OF CLARITY WHERE THE MEANING OF SOMETHING BECOMES CLEAR, OFTEN LEADING TO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OR PERSPECTIVE. LIKE MY DESCRIPTION OF ‘EUREKA’ BY ARCHIMEDES UNDERNEATH .

The title of the present article, reminded me of two particular and scientifically discoveries attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse, Greek who was famous of multiple discoveries.

The first one related to the title of my article is the story involving him discovering the principle of buoyancy while bathing, leading to his joyful shout “EUREKA” (“ I have found it”). As he realized, he could measure an irregular object volume by its displaced water, solving king Hero’s problem of a suspected fake gold crown.

The second discovery is of his famous quote “Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the planet Earth,” or similar variations like “Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum to place it, and I shall move the world,” (c. 287 – 212 BC) to illustrate the immense power of the lever principle. He used this idea to show how a Small force could move a huge object with mechanical advantage.

The same parallel of thinking, a moment of calm and concentrated reflection about a specific topic, could lead us to similar grand discoveries and inventions, like the Archimedes cry, “EUREKA” and that what occurred to me when by unintentional search led me to “THE PAINTING OF THE CHRISTIAN MARTYRS ‘ LAST PRAYER.” and

consequent related informations.

The Christian Martyr’s Last Prayer

The Christian Martyrs’ Last prayer is an 1880 – 1883 painting Oil on Canvas by the French painter Jean-Léon Gérôme. It is part of the collection of the Walter’s Art Museum in Baltimore.

The painting describes the amphitheater filled to overflowing with the crowd that has gathered to witness the martyrdom of the Christians. Around the vast circle, unhappy victims agonize upon the cross in one corner of the arena, a group of men and women, condemned to die, confess their new faith in an ardent prayer, while from the opened subterraneous passage the ravenous beasts are advancing upon their human prayer.

This painting reminds me with same 21 beheaded Christian Egyptian abducted Copt, on the 16 Feb. 2015 who have been kidnapped and slaughtered at Lydian beach on the EYE OF THE WORLD WITNESSING SUCH CRIME. Same of houses destroyed, churches burnt WTH new wave of violence against Syrian Christians.

Again and again, in Ukraine, incidents including attacks on Orthodox churches which is considered a sensible and COMPLEX subjects. But whatever reasons are given, it’s a crime against Heaven and our Lord.

All those historical incidents with technical media presentations have to joint the Last Prayer Canvas in the Walter’s Art MUSIUM in Baltimore, while thinking at same time what ‘s the real purpose of ROME Colosseum?

Persecution of Christian in the Roman Empire

Roman persecution of Christians occurred intermittently over a period of over two centuries between the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD under Nero and the Edict of Milan in 313 AD in which the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Licinus legalized the Cristian religion. ‘

The persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire was carried out by the state and also by local authorities on sporadic, ad hoc basis, often at the whims of local communities. Starting in 250 AD, empire-wide persecution took place as an indirect consequence of an edict by the emperor Decius. This edict was in force for eighteen months, during which time some Christian were killed while others apostatized to escape execution.

These persecutions heavily influenced the development of Christian theology and the structure of the Church. The effects of the persecution’s included the writing of explanations and defense the Christian religion.

Ashab Al-Kahf

The Seven Sleepers

Ashab al-kahf or Companions of the Cave is a Quranic of a group of 7 youths who hid inside a cave around the year AD 250 to escape the tyrannical Roman persecutions of Christians and emerged 309 years later, when Christian faith prevailed. The Qur’an version of the story appears in Sura 18: (9 – 26). The cave located in Jordan, in a city near Amman called Raqeem. The story is considered a consolation to the Prophet Muhammad at the beginning of His mission, demonstrating God’s power to resurrect the dead and affirming the importance of steadfastness in faith and adherence to monotheism.

Fear

Fear is a natural protective emotion that evolved as a survival mechanism to alert us to potential harm, whether the threat is physical. emotional, and real or imagined. When this response is out of proportion to the actual danger, it can become problematic.

Rules-based system & The Imperial Liberalism

Yes, Ancient Rome operated on a highly structured, rules-based system, ruling their World around the Mediterranean. Starting those rules with :

The Emperor is your God. He is who allows you to breath life. So warship him days and night and follow the rules and orders he sets with no word to say. The emperor who establishes all those rules including the above. He governs the world, the seen part of it and the unseen. At that time, no one knew what the rules where about. Only that they existed. And more, they were not allowed to question or open their mouth or utter a word. The Nations on the African and Asian shores were severely chastised. Successful nations among them, were always ridiculed and criticized as totalitarianism. Completely the opposite with the nations on the North-western shore, which were regularly praised for following the rules.

Those Rules-Based system involved significant power imbalances, class struggle, and reliance on customary practices alongside formal decrees. It wasn’t a simple modern democracy but a sophisticated, layered society with its own internal logic of rights, duties, and governance. Did our present World inherited, in some way, these brutal rules?

Again, and, is not in some way, but in fact and truth, we have it, in front of the eyes of the WORLD, in a legendary form…, in Central Rome…, THE COLOSSEUMS.

Rome’Colosseum and the truth behind its historical symbol

The Colosseum and in what way it was, it is, and if it continue to be in its place, will represent The Western Heritage, with its similarities of laws and orders.

The Colosseum embodies the Roman Empire’s duality: a marvel of engineering and a brutal stage for control, fear, and hegemony, demonstrating imperial power through massive scale and violent spectacles (gladiators, animal hunts) that reinforced social order and projected dominance, leaving a legacy as a potent symbol of both architectural genius and societal cruelty. Its enduring presence, built for spectacle, reminds us of Roman might, engineering prowess (like hidden trapdoors), and the stark reality of the empire’s power dynamics and subjugation, making it a complex monument to human achievement and brutality.

The soul of the World

The soul of the present World is in a state of imbalance. If we shake that imbalance BY EPIPHANY OR EUREKA, the world will regain its normal state of peace. After great reflection on how to truthfully achieve the threshold of the gate that lead the world consciousness, humanity and brotherhood to this state of peace of the paradise on earth, to a new era of “RENAISSANCE” worldwide, Simply we should substitute fear with assurance and faith in God and Jesus Christ. Substitute worry, hesitation and doubt, in the presence of the Colosseum, with spirit of brotherhood, replacing it with a grand symbol of artistic grandeur like the a huge statue of Moese, the one crafted by Michal Angelo, erected in a huge modern tower, replacing the colosseum, with the Ten Commandments in his hand, representing the tablets he received from God, which represent the absolute constitution of humanity on Earth. Or a biggest temple like the Church of “SAGRADA FAMILIA” In Barcelona, and here, I don’t necessarily mean a Church or temple but a symbol of the opposite to the COLOSSEUM which was and regretfully, still is, a legendary, reflecting a synonymous of horrors, of torture, of control,

of hegemony and of lack of liberty of expression. And that resembles: Alcatraz’s or Guantanamo, the unjustified war on Lybia, Iraq, and…old Era which we have to turn this page of dark history and start anew.

Here is a summary uof FEAR that caused by this monument and historical summery of it.

The Orthodox Church.

From same source of information that led me to the above presentation, this very truth about THE ORTHODOXY stunned me to find it IN OUR GOOGLE WIKIPEDIA that we all ignore this TRUE FACT that should awaken us to the truth of brotherly hood all over the Planet Earth.

The Orthodox Church was founded by Jesus Christ and continued by his Apostle’s, with its history tracing back to the EARLY CHRISTIAN community described in the New Testament. It has maintained its teachings and practices in an unbroken continuity for nearly 2000 years.

Yes, the Orthodox Church considers itself, and for good reason, the ORIGINAL CHRISTIAN CHURCH, founded by Jesus Christ and His Apostles. It traces its continuous history back to the Pentecost in 33 A.D., maintaining that its faith and practices have remained unaltered. For the first thousand years of Christian history, the church was unified before the East-West Schism (the “Great Schism”) in 1054 separated the Eastern Orthodox Church from the Western or Roman Catholic Church.

Transformation of Catholicism

Let me introduce my faith in the true Catholicism, and you will understand a true fact. I experienced it from my childhood. Starting by Emperor Constantine and Helena his wife. After being truly believed in Jesus Christ, they left Rome and moved to Istanbul, which is called Turkey afterwards, to live there, the rest of their life and affirm Christianity as their true religion. Living among the FIRST CHRISTIAN OF THE FIRST CHURSH OF JERUSALEM.

Constantine officially embraced Christianity following a vision before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 CE. While he supported the faith afterward and sponsored the construction of the Churh of the holy Sepultre in Jerusalem; (initiated c.326), he never moved his capital to Jerusalem instead, he moved his capital to Byzantine Constantinople ) in 330.

• Conversion (312 CE): Constantine saw a vision of a cross in the sky (“In this sign, conquer”) before battling Maxentius, adopting Christianity as his faith.

• Edict of Milan (313 CE): Along with Licinius, he issued the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity throughout the Roman Empire.

• Jerusalem Activities (post-324 CE): Following his victory over Licinius, Constantine and his mother, Helena, became deeply involved in securing holy sites in Jerusalem, building churches on the sites of Jesus’s crucifixion and burial.

• Baptism (337 CE): Despite promoting Christianity for decades, Constantine was baptized on his deathbed in 337 CE.

• There was no Catholicism at that time not created or not invented. Orthodoxy was the theme of Christian’s as in their birthright, birth certificate and birth roots. AND CHRISTIANITY CALLED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE . And that continues till 1054, known as the GREAT SCHISM. AND WITH IT THE EXPRESSION OF UNIVERSAL CHURCH OF ROME OR THE CATHOLICISM WAS ESTABLISHED. AFTER THE
  

SECOND WARLD WAR WHEN ROME UNDER NEW WORLD ORDER, became the

Catholic Universal Church THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE BYZANTINE CHURCH OF CONSTANTINE. MY CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY WAS KNOWN BY “The Melkite

Roman Catholic” and the head of this community, like many other Christian communities, of the east are PATRIARCHS WHO DECLINED THE POST AS CARDINALS, WITH THEIR BELIEF IN MIND THAT THE PATRIARCHY IS THE TRUE RESPECTFUL TO THEIR CHRISTIANITY MISSION FROM THE POINT OF VUE OF

• THE TRUE HISTORY AND THE ORIENTAL CULTURE KNOWN AS THE CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION.

• Now after this explanation, I return back to the main subject.

Silence and indifference is the character of today’s present culture. Worshipping institutions is the new normal. So, and as per Friedrich Nietzsche’s saying: “what the worshippers embrace without proof, cannot be refuted by proof. Because their faith was never based on reason.” Although the freedom of self expression is a democratic duty to express our opinion for the benefit of the world peace, humanity and prosperity, and truth is the foundations upon which, building this true foundations, it becomes the role of the Catholic Church to undone the wrong through its past history by admitting the wrong and ask Jesus Christ His repentance. This is a must and a first priority. Anything else is banality, worsening the evidence which is becoming naked in the today’s social media.

QUEST FOR STABILITY

Historical Relationship Between United States of America And Russia GamilSinkiLLC

Part II

Introduction And FIRST Contact:

The Russian Empire and America, 1698-1917

The Russian Empire had a complex relationship with North America and the United States in the 18s and 19s centuries. Despite their antithetical system

– autocracy versus republicans – Russia and the United States shared many qualities: internal colonization across a great plain; human bondage and subsequent emancipation; rapid industrialization; and their transformation from regional into global powers.

Part III 1698

Peter the Great Meets William Penn in London

Urging his famous embassy tour of Western Europe, Tsar Peter I met with William Penn, a Quaker, entrepreneur, and founder of Pennsylvania colony,

in London. Peter was particularly interested in learning about Quakers and otherChristian sects, especially given the Tsar’s own challenges with religious sectarians in Russia. Following the meeting, the Tsar gave British tobacco merchants monopoly rights in Russia, expanding the market for a key colonial American export.

Part IV 1741

The Exploration of Alaska

After exploring the Kamchatka Peninsula on its Pacific coast during the 17th century, the Russians Empire sponsored expeditions by two explorers, the Dane Vitus Bering and Russia’s own Alexi Chirikov, to search for a northern route to North America. Both made the perilous journey in 1741. Chirikov, returned to Russia after losing most of his party to Inuit attacks. Bering reached Alaska, too but died along with 29 members of his crew on the return voyage. The Bering Sea and Strait that separate the United States and Russia bear his name.

Part V 1763-64

Russians Fur Traders Clash with Aleut. Natives

In response to atrocities committed by the fur erchant Ivan Bechevin’s men on Unimak Island and the Alaskan Peninsula, Alaskan natives known as Aleuts United and attacked Russian hunters on the Islands. The Aleuts managed to destroy four Russian vessels, and out of a crew of 200 Russians, only 12 durvived from the two ships anchored off of Unalaska Island. Bent on revenge, Russian traders raided Aleut villages. Despite winning a major battle by destroying Russian vessels and killing their crews in 1763-1764, the Russians’ scorched Earth policy crushed the Aleut alliance. These events have entered folk memory among indigenous Alaskans as a time of destruction and the beginning of the end of Aleut autonomy.

Part VI 1973

First American Ship Arrived in Russia

The first American ship, the Wolfe, made the first voyage from Boston to St Petersburg inaugurating direct trade between Russia and American colonies.

Part VII Late 1760s

First Cultural Exchange Between America andn Russia

American academicians Benjamin Franklin and Ezra Stiles read and commented on the works of Russian scientists Josiah Braun, Franz Apennines, and Mikhaïl Lomonosov at the same time Russians began to familiarize themselves with Franklin’s writings, particular his experiments with electricity.

Part VIII 1775-76

British Pleas for Alliance Rejected

Upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, England’s King GeorgeIII formally requested 20,000troops from Russia to use against the American colonies. Empress Catherine the Great refused, on the grounds the supporting that supporting Britain against the colonies would spark a wider European conflict with France. Also, it was known that Catherine personality disliked George III and believed England brought the crisis in America upon itself. Though having no sympathy for the American revolutionaries, Catherine believed in Enlightenment principles and didn’t regard the American Revolution as a threat to her monarchy.

Part IX 1780

Declaration of Armed Neutrality in the Revolution

Mores Catherine the Great publicly issued the Declaration of Armed Neutrality in the American War of Independence and sponsored efforts to mediate between Britain and its rebellious colonies.

Part X 1782

Dana Mission to Russia

Statesmen Francis Dans was sent by Benjamin Franklin and zJohn Adams to St Petersburg to obtain diplomatic recognition of the United States from Catherine the Great. Adams’s 14-year-old son John Quincy, the future first official American minister to Russia and sixth U.S president, accompanied Dana. Catherine withheld diplomatic recognition, and Dana was recalled in 1783, due to mounting costs with little gain from his embassy.

Part XI

1783

Alexander Radishchev Writes His “Ode to Liberty”

Russian intellectual and writer Alexander Radishchev penned his “Ode of Liberty” shortly after the American victory against England. In it he referenced American independence! signaling the beginning of Russian intellectuals fascinations with America as an inspiration and model.

Part XII 1783

First Russian Settlement in Alaska

Empress Catherine the Great sponsored the explorer Gregory Shelekhov’s mission to establish Russia’s first permanent settlement in Alaska at Three Saint S Bay and to formalize trade relations with the native Tlingit people.

Part XIII 1789

Ekaterina Dashkova Elected Member of American Philosophical Society

On Benjamin Franklin’s initiative, Ekaterina Dashkova, the head of the Russian Academy of Sciences, was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Part IVX 1799

Russification in Alaska

Emperor Paul I chartered the Russian American Company (RAC) to monopolize the sea ôter for trade, which also served as a vehicle for the Russifying of Alaska Natives. However, encounters with indigenous Alaskans also transformed Russian colonists, creating a creole culture over time. Russifying locals amid concerns about preserving indigenous culture provided a balancing act as imperial administration had to maintain loyalty among the local population while acquiescing to pressure from Orthodox Christian missionaries.

Part VX 1804-05

Alexander I and Thomas Jefferson Correspond

Tsar Alexander I and US President Thomas Jefferson exchanged letters. Alexander was particularly interested in the United States constitution and forms of government.

Part VIX 1804

War and Peace in Sitka

Tlingit warriors destroyed several Russian settlements, threatening Russia’s presence in North America. But Russian forces reestablished their presence two years later following the battle of Sitka. Peace negotiations between the Russians and Native Americans established a status quotation kept the peace until Russia sold Alaska in 1867.

Part VIIX 1809

First U.S. Ambassador to Moscow

USIA’s Chargé d’Affaires Andrei Dashkov formally presented his credentials to U.S. president James Madison, whileJohn Quincy Adams, as first official

U.S. official ambassador to Russia, formally presented his credentials to Tsar Alexander I in St. Petersburg.

Part VIIIX 1822

Us Sian Colony in Northern California

Shareholders of the Russian-American Company (RCA) ordered Ivan Kuskov, a RAC employee in Alaska , to establish a southern base at Fort Ross near Bodega Bay in California, which was at that time a territory of Spain, France’s ally against Russia in the Napoleonic wars. It was the furthest south Russia would move in North America.

Part IXX 1814

Arbitration of the Treaty of Ghent

U.S, and British disagreement over the Treaty of Ghent, which formerly ended the war of 1812, were resolved after Washington requested that Russia act as a third-party mediator.

Part XX 1815

The Kozlov Affair

Russia’s consul general Nicolai Koslov was accused of raping a 12-year-old servant girl and brought before a Philadelphia court. The case bounced from state to federal court as the Russians demanded Kozlov’s immediate

release on the grounds of diplomatic immunity. When Kozlov’s immunity and exoneration were refused, Russia broke off diplomatic ties and declared American diplomats in Russia, Levit Harris, persona non grata. Since Tapsar Alexander I wanted to maintain good relations with the US., the incident eventually blew over and Kozlov was recalled to St. Petersburg.

Part XXI 1821

Alexander I Draws Borders in America

Tsar Alexander I decreed the establishment f 100-mile zone of Russian control over water off the coast its Northwest American territories to protect its shores from Americans smuggling to natives. The decree outlined Russian claims on the North American coast at the parallel 51 north latitude.

Part XXII 1823

The Monroe Doctrine

U.S. President James Monroe outlined the “Monroe Doctrine” in his State of the union address. The doctrine, drafted by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, restricted European expansion into North America, including Russia in Alaska.

Part XXIII 1824

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 between the two countries contained six articles outlining the boundaries between the U.S. and Russian Alaska. It gave Russia claims on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America below 54 40’ North, or what Americans called Oregon County. The treaty effectively nullified Tsar Alexander I’s 1821 decree outlining the boundaries of Russian control.

Part XXIV 1825

Decembrist Revolt

A group of Russian nobles revolted in an attempt to prevent Nicolas I from being crowned tsar, but the rebellion quickly fell apart. The Northern Society, a secret society that planned the revolt, relied heavily on the

American Constitution for their plans to establish a Russian constitutional monarchy.

Part XXV 1842

Russia’s Withdrawal from America Begins

Fur trade competition from the British Hudson’s Bay Company, repeated Native American up springs in Alaska, and pressure from British incursions into Afghanistan convinced Russia its North American colony was too expensive. As a result, Fort Ross, the southernmost Russian outpost on western North coast, was sold by the Russian -American Company to an American.

Part XXVI 1842-43

American Influence on Russian Railroads

American engineer George Washington Whistler arrived in St. Petersburg as the chief surveyor for the Moscow-St. Petersburg rail line, the first Russian long-distance railroad. A year later, the Tsarist government gave American company Harrison, Winans, and Eastwick a long-term contract for production of locomotives and rolling stock for the Russian railroads.

Part XXVII 1849

Gold Rush in California

Gold was discovered in former Russian territory in Northern California, triggering the Gold Rush in 1849.Russians from the Russian American Company were some of the first forty-miners.

Part XXVIII 1854-56

U.S. Support in the Crimean War.

Although the U.S. was official neutral in the Crimean War, American support for Russia was reflected by the more than 30 American surgeons who volunteered to serve the Russian military and the presence of American military observers on the Russian side.

Part IXXX 1857

Russia Orders U.S. -Built Warships.

Impressed by U.S. shipyards, Russia contracted New York shipbuilders to build warships for the Russian navy, including the largest ship ever built in the U.S. at the time, the 60-gun heavy frigate General Admiral.

Part XXX 1859

Ra Aldridge Performs in Russia

The black American Shakespearean actor Aldridge , plays Othello in St.Petersburg. His performance received acclaim in the Russian capital and drew capacity audience. His other great roles were Macbeth, King Lear, and Shylock. Among those captivated in his performance was Tsar Shevchenko, considered the father of modern Ukrainian literature, who had just returned to the capital after 10 years in exile for his anti-imperial writings.

Part XXXI 1861-65

Russia Formally Back Union During Civil War.

Russia under Tsar Alexander II announced an official position supporting the Union, also known as the North, while urging reunification in the U.S. Civil War.

Part XXXII 1861

Russia Emancipate the Serfs

Tsar Alexander II issued a manifesto emancipating Russians serfs. American abolitionists celebrated the Taser’s move, using it to condemn slavery in America. Russians watched from afar as the American states descended into armed conflict over the issue.

Part XXXIII 1863

American Slavery Abolished

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation abolishing slavery in the American South.

Part XXXIV 1863

Russian Ships Help Secure Union Harbours

With American approval, Russian warships were based for a short time in New York and San Fransisco to help secure the U.S. cities from potential British or French attack. Receptions and dinners were held to welcome America’s Russian visitors, including an elaborate ball in New York City and a grand procession of the Russian navy along broadway.

Part XXXV 1865

Condolences for President Lincoln

Russia was among the first countries to present official condolences upon the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The message came in a letter on behalf of the Tsar from Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Gorcgakov, Russian foreign minister from 1856-1882, who wrote, “it is easy for me to realize in advance the impression which the news of this odious crime will cause his Imperial Majesty to experience.”

Part XXXVI 1867

Mark Tain Visits Crimea

Travelling abroad the Quaker City, the American novelist Mark Twain visited Yalta and Odessa Ukraine. Upon seeing Odessa, he wrote, “Look up the street or down the street, this way or that way, we only saw America! There was not one thing to remind us that we were in Russia.”

Part XXXVII 1867

Seward’s Folly: The Alaska Purchase

U.S. Secretary of State William Seward secured a deal to purchase Alaska from the Russian government for $7.2 million. Congress resisted the idea, citing the price as too high but eventually relented in the face of arguments that the sale would be lock Britain’s Pacific access, make Alaska’s rich mineral resources available to American entrepreneur, and provide easier access to lucrative Asian trade.

Part XXXVIII 1871

Grand Duke Alexis Tours thé U.S.

Grand Duke Alexis, thé son of Tsar Alexandre II, embarked on a six -week tour of the U.S. The American media greeted him and his entourage with enthusiasm. The highlight of the tour included a buffalo hunt with Buffalo

Bill (William Cody), George Custer, and Pawnee Indian chiefs. Later, Alexis was crowded king of Mardi Gras in New Orleans.

Part XXXIX 1871

Pogrom Against Jews in Odessa Spawns Emigration to U.S.

Russian mobs, with the tacit approval of authorities, attacked Jews in the city of Odessa over Easter week 1871, bringing a rebuke from the U.S. State Department under President Ulysses S Grent. A period of emigration by Russian Jews – many to America – began in earnest.

Part XL 1874

Great Mennonite Immigration from Russia to the U.S.

After Tsar Alexandre II revoked privileges accorded to Mennonites by Catherine the Great – in particular their exemption from military service – hundreds of families from the pacifist sect left Russia and settled in the American Midwest.

Part XLI 1875

Volga Germans Quit Russia for the U.S.

Following in the footsteps of the Mennonites, thousands of the Volga Germans left Russia and settled in the United States.

Part XLII 1878

Former President Grant Visits Russia

Former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant visited Russia, becoming the first president to make the journey. It would be decades before another president visited Russia, which Franklin D Roosevelt did during the Yalta Conference of 1945. Grant told Tsar Alexandre II, that “although the two governments are very opposite in their character, the great Majority of the American people are in sympathy with Russia” which good feeling he hoped would long continue. Grant retained fond memories of his trip to Russia in his retirement.

Part XLIII 1878

George Kennan and the Siberia Exile System

American explorer and journalist George Kennan began publishing his articles about Siberia in Century magazine, to be published as a book called Siberia and the Exile System.

Part XLIV 1881

Anti – Semitic. Pogroms in Russia in the Wake of Assassination.

A wave of pogroms against Jews erupted in Russia in response to Tsar Alexander II’s assassination. The American public was slow to react, though the plight of Russia’s Jews received increased attention as more Jews emigrated to the United States.

Part XLV 1881

Tsar Alexander II Assassinated

Tsar Alexander II, who emancipated the serfs during his reign, was assassinated by members of a revolutionary group opposed to the Tsarist regime.

Part XLVI 1890

American Companies in Russia

Taking advantage of Russia’s rapid industrialisation, major American companies like Singer, international Harvester, Washington Electric Corporation, Baldwin Locomotives, Equitable Life Assurance, and New York City Bank established subsidiaries in Russia.

Part XLVII 1991 – 92

Famine in Russia

The Russian famine of 1891 – 1892 caused up to half a million deaths, stirring popular discontent against the Tsarist regime. The United States, especially the American Red Cross, is gamil.sinki@gmail.com provided famine relief to Russia.

Part XL VIII 1894

First Course on Russian History

Harvard University historian Archibald Cary Coolidge introduced the first Russian history course at an American University.

Part XLIX 1902

Slavic Division in the Library of Congress

Russian scholar Alexis Babine established the Slavic division in the Library of Congress.

Part L 1903

Miliukov Lectures on Russian History

Avec Miliukov, thé historian and future leader of the Constitutional Democrats, who called for reforms such as a legislative assembly and a constitution, gave a series of lectures on Russian history in Boston and Chicago.

Part LI 1903

Roosevelt Condemns Kishinev Pogrom.

Russian and Moldovan citizens of the Bessarabian provincial capital of Kishinev launched a violent attack against the Jewish quarter of the city on Orthodox Easter Sunday, destroying much of the neighbourhood, killing dozens, and injuring hundreds more. Protests erupted in Brooklyn and Chica, and U.S. newspaper editorials harshly condemned the violence and the inaction of the Russian government, calling on the U.S. government to take a harsher line on Russia. The Jewish organisation, B’nai B’rith, presented a petition to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who cabled it to the Russian foreign minister, though it was not accepted.

Part LII 1904-05

Russian Navy Annihilated by Rising Japan

Reacting to Russian incursions into Manchuria, Japan finally took military action and attacked the small Russian afar Eastern fleet at Port Arthur. Russia dispatched its entire navy 20,000miles to the pacific to confront Japan, only to be annihilated at the battle of Tsushima.

Part LIII 1905

Theodore Roosevelt Brokers Russo- Japanese Peace Treaty

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt brokered a peace conference between Russians and Japanese in the summer of 1905 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, ending the hostilities. Impressed by reports of Japanese fleet prowess, he also increased funding for the U.S. navy in the Pacific.

Part LIV 1906

Maxim Gorky Visits the United States

Russian writer Maxime Gorky travelled to the United States, hosted by Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Jane Addams, among other American literati. Gorky’s criticism of the softness of American radicals and the fact he was traveling with a female companion who was not his wife caused a scandal. Mark Twain said of Gorky, “He hits the public in the face with his hat and then and then he holds ir for contribution.” About American Culture , Gorky wrote, “On the whole, it makes me sick, but sometimes I laugh like mad. I already feel able to write a certain something about America for which I’ll be kicked out of here.

Part LV 1908

William Howard Taft Tours Russia on the Trans-Siberian Railway

As part of an around-the-world tour to prepare to run for U.S. president, then War Minister Willian Harvard Taft traveled across Russia on the Trans-Siberian-Railway.

Part LVI 1914

Assassination Sparks the Great Global War

Serbian radicals assassinates Austrian-Hungry’s Archduke Ferdinand, sparking World War I. Russia sided with Britain, Trance, and Serbia Against Germany and Austria-Hungry. The United States remained neutral until 1917 but supplied Russia, and other allies with war material.

Part LVI 1917

Next Era: The Soviet Period

The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution would place the U.S. and the newly formed USSR on opposite of a global ideological battle, although two world wars during the twentieth century briefly united the two countries as allies against common enemies.

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